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Assignments   (TYPE ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)   READ ALL CHAPTER SUMMARY OUTLINES (IN BOOK OR ONLINE at CHAPTER OUTLINES)  Lab Assignments  Unit 1  Levels of Organization Chapters  1 Introduction to Human Anatomy CHAPTER OUTLINES 10 characteristics of life 5 Requirements of Organisms What is homeostasis & how does it act? Name the organ systems within:      A. Body covering      B. Support & movement      C.  Integration & coordination      D.  Transport      E.  Absorption & excretion      F. Reproduction 2 Chemical Basis of Life CHAPTER OUTLINE Table 2.1 Elements in the Human Body (know elements, symbol, % in human body. Know chart for testing. Table 2.5 p. 45 Organic compounds of cells   Know chart for testing What is the most abundant compound in cells and why is it important? List the four most abundant elements in the human body. Describe the major parts of an atom. What electrical charge do they have? Distinguish between an ionic bond and a covalent bond. Explain what the formula C6H12O6 means. Describe 3 major types of chemical reactions. Describe the roles water and oxygen play in the human body. Describe the general characteristics of carbohydrates. Define triglyceride. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats. Describe the general characteristics of protein. Explain the major functions of nucleic acids.   3 Cells CHAPTER OUTLINES Faulty ion channels cause what inherited diseases (p. 54) Name the 5 characteristics that cancers share. (p. 67) Know figure 3.21 (p. 68) Why is it important that the division of nuclear materials during mitosis be precise? Describe the events that occur during mitosis Name the process by which some cells become muscle cells and others become nerve cells. How is cell death a normal part of development? Name the two types of cell division.                           4 Cellular Metabolism—a cell continuously carries on metabolic reactions CHAPTER OUTLINES Describe the 2 metabolic reactions What controls metabolic reactions Compare DNA & RNA Molecules What happens when a DNA molecule replicates What is protein synthesis What is a metabolic pathway How does DNA encode genetic information? Explain why a new cell requires a copy of the parent cell’s genetic information 5 Tissues CHAPTER OUTLINES List the four major tissue types and provide examples of where each occurs in the body. Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue. Name the types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found. Explain how glands are classified. List the 3 major types of connective tissues with the body & function Describe the general cellular components, structures, fibers, and matrix of each type of connective tissue.  Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue. Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissues. Define Terms: tissues epithelial tissues cartilage bone blood gland mucus matrix    Unit 2  Support and Movement 6 Skin & the Integumentary System CHAPTER OUTLINES Define key terms 1.  cutaneous membtrane 2.  dermis 3.  epidermis 4.  hair follicle 5.  integumentary 6.  keratinization 7.  melanin 8.  muscus membrance 9.  sebaceous gland 10.  serous membrane 11.  subcutaneous layer 12.  sweat gland 13.  synovial membrane  QUESTIONS 1.   List six functions of skin 2.  Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis 3.  List three factors that affect skin color. 4.  Describe how nails are formed. 5.  Explain how body heat is produced. 6.  Explain how sweat glands help regulate body temperature. 7.  Describe the body’s responses to decreasing body temperature.   8.  Distinguish between the healing of shallow and deeper breaks in the skin.   7  Skeletal System CHAPTER OUTLINES Organization p. 169 Figure 7.7 p. 140 Label the major bones of the skeleton (memorize) Figure 7.15: vertebral column Figure 7.20 Pectoral girdle Figure 7.19: thoracic cage Figure 7.25: right hand  (memorize) Figure 7.13: right foot Label the parts of a long bone (memorize) List & describe three major functions of bones. How do bones form? Describe the development of an intramembranous bone. Describe the axial & appendicular portions of the skeleton What does the skull consist of? What is the Vertebral Column? What is the Thoracic Cage? What is the Pectoral Girdle? What is the Upper Limb? What is the Pelvic Girdle? What is the Lower Limb? Describe the characteristics of the three major types of joints. List six types of synovial joints and their locations. Describe the types of movements possible at synovial joints. What is Osteoporosis?   8 Muscular System CHAPTER OUTLINES Genetics: p. 191, Organization p. 208 Define key terms actin antagonist aponeurosis fascia insertion motor neuron motor unit muscle impulse myofibril myosis orgin oxygen debt prime mover recruitment sarcomere synergist threshold stimulus QUESTIONS Name and describe the three types of muscles and their actions. What is the structure of a skeletal muscle? Name the 6 muscular responses Name the 12 major skeletal muscles Describe how muscles obtain oxygen. Explain how muscles may become fatigued. Define threshold stimulus. Explain an all-or-none response What are the dangers of steroid use? What is the difference between slow fibers and fast fibers? How is muscle tone maintained? Name & describe 3 diseases of muscle. Where is the gluteus maximus? Where is the deltoid? Where is the pectoralis major? List the 6 muscles of facial expression and their action. List the three muscles that move the head.  Unit 3   Integration and Coordination 9  Nervous System CHAPTER OUTLINES Organization p. 255 Define key terms action potential autonomic nervous system axon central nervous system convergence dendrite divergence effector facilitation ganglion meninges myelin neurilemma neurotransmitter Nissl body parasympathetic nervous system peripheral nervous system plexus reflex behavior sensory receptor somatic nervous system sympathetic nervous system synapse QUESTIONS List the general functions of the nervous system. Describe a neuron. List & describe the 3 types of neurons.                On the basis of structure List ^ describe the 3 types of neurons on the basis of functional differences. What is a nerve List & describe the 3 types of nerves. What is the spinal cord? What is the structure of the spinal cord? What are the two major functions of the spinal cord? List & describe the 3 major portions of the brain & their functions. Describe how portions of the central nervous system control autonomic activities. 10 Somatic & Special Senses CHAPTER OUTLINES List five groups of sensory receptors Define sensory adaptation and provide an example Define referred pain and provide an example. Explain why pain may be referred. Describe the olfactory organs and their functions. Explain how salivary glands aid the function of taste receptors. Distinguish amoung the external, middle and inner ears.   11 Endocrine System CHAPTER OUTLINES Organization p.316 QUESTIONS What is the endocrine system? What are the general characteristics of the endocrine system? Label the major endocrine glands. What is a hormone? How does a steroid hormone promote cellular changes? A nonsteroid hormone? What is a negative feedback system? Explain 3 mechanisms that help control hormonal secretions. What is the pituitary gland and what does it do? What is the thyroid gland, what does it do and where is it located? What are adrenal glands, what do they do and where are they located? What is the pancreas, what does it do and where is it located? What is the function of insulin? What reproductive organs secrete hormones? What is stress? Describe physical stress. Describe psychological stress. Describe the general stress syndrome. What is melatonin?       End of 1st Semester      Study Guide Chapters 1, 3, 5-11 Labs 1-23 Chapter outlines Vocabulary terms Chapter questions Chapter Study Questions Chapter tests   Unit 4  Transport 12 Blood CHAPTER OUTLINES Define terms p. 321 List the major components of blood. Describe a red blood cell Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. Explain how vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies affect red blood cell production. What is the main concern when blood is transfused from one individual to another? Why is a type AB person called a universal recipient? Why is a type O person called a universal donor? What is heomostasis? How do blood clots form? What is the difference between antigens and antibodies? Name  & describe the blood types What is blood plasma? Explain how blood vessel spasms are stimulated following an injury? Explain the significance of white blood cell counts as aids to diagnosing diseases. What is your blood type? 13 Cardiovascular System CHAPTER OUTLINES Define terms p. 344 What does the cardiovascular system do? Label the parts of the heart. What is mitral valve prolapse? What is the cardiac cycle? What are heart sounds? What do blood vessels do? Distinguish between and artery and an arteriole. Describe the structure and function of a capillary. Distinguish between a venule and a vein. Explain how veins function as blood reservoirs. Distinguish between systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Name several factors that influence blood pressure. Describe the control of blood pressure. Trace the path of blood through the pulmonary circuit. Describe the aorta and name its principal branches. Name the major branches of the External and Internal Carotid Arteries Name the principal branches of the aorta. How is exercise important to the cardiovascular system? What is atherosclerosis, causes and prevention? What is an electrocardiogram? Figure 13.7 p.349 14 Lymphatic System & Immunity CHAPTER OUTLINES Topic of Interest: Immunity Breakdown: AIDS p. 400 Organization p. 404 Define terms p. 383 What are the general functions of the lymphatic system? Distinguish between the thoracic duct & the right lymphatic duct. What factors promote lymph flow? What is the consequence of lymphatic obstruction? What are the major functions of the lymph nodes? Why are the thymus and spleen considered to be organs of the lymphatic system? What is an infection? Explain 6 nonspecific defense mechanisms. What is immunity? How to T cells and B cells originate? In what general ways do antibodies function? How do primary & secondary immune responses differ? Distinguish between active and passive immunity. How is an allergic reaction similar to yet different from an immune reaction? How is tissue rejection reaction an immune response? Explain how the lymphatic system is related to the cardiovascular system Describe the structure & function of the spleen Describe the structure and functions of the thymus Distinguish between an antigen and an antibody. Explain how a vaccine produces its effect. Explain the relationship between tissue rejection and an immune response.      Unit 5  Absorption and Excretion Chapters Assignments 15 Digestion & Nutrition CHAPTER OUTLINES Figure 15.5   Label parts of mouth Figure 15.8    Label teeth Figure 15.11  Label major regions of the stomach Organization p. 446 Definitions & Questions Define key terms (p. 411) Describe the general functions of the digestive system Name & describe the locations and major parts of the organs of the digestive system. Describe the structure of the alimentary canal Explain how the contents of the alimentary canal are mixed & moved. List the enzymes the digestive organs and glands secrete and describe the function of each. Describe the regulation of the digestive secretions. Describe the mechanism of swallowing Explain how the products of digestion are absorbed. Describe the defecation reflex List the major sources of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Describe how cells use carbohydrates, lips and amino acids List the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, and summarize the general functions of each vitamin List the major minerals and summarize the general functions of each Describe an adequate diet. Describe the structure of a tooth. Explain how a tooth is attached to the bone of the jaw Which is the most important digestive enzyme in gastric juice? Discuss the digestive functions of saliva List the major liver functions 16 Respiratory System CHAPTER OUTLINES Definitions and Questions Define key terms (P. 452) Describe the general functions of the respiratory system List & describe the eight organs of the respiratory system Distinguish between the upper & lower respiratory tracts. Explain how the nose & nasal cavity filter incoming air Distinguish between the pharynx and larynx. Distinguish between the false vocal cords and the true vocal cords Explain normal inspiration and forced inspiration Define surface tension and explain how it aids breathing Explain normal expiration and forced expiration Distinguish between the vital capacity and total lung capacity. Describe the location of the respiratory center and name its major components Describe the control of the basic  rhythm of breathing. Describe the inflation reflex. Define hyperventilation and explain how it affects the respiratory center. Describe how blood transports oxygen. List three factors that increase release of blood oxygen Explain how the blood transports carbon dioxide. 17 Urinary System CHAPTER OUTLINES Definitions & Questions Define Key Terms (P. 479) Name and list the general functions of the organs of the urinary system. Describe the external & internal structure of a kidney List the functions of the kidneys. Name the vessels through which blood passes as it travels from the renal artery to the renal vein. What is the first step in urine formation Name the parts of a nephron.? What is urine? Which processes form urine? What is filtration pressure? What is filtration rate? What is gout? Why does urine composition differ? What prevents urine from backing up from the urinary bladder into the ureters? List some of the factors that affect the urine volume produced daily. Describe micturition. Describe the micturition reflex.   18 Water, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance CHAPTER OUTLINES Definitions & Questions Define key terms (P. 501) Explain how water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent Name the body fluid compartments and describe their locations. List sources of normal water gain and loss. Define water of metabolism Explain the regulation of water intake. List the most important electrolytes in body fluids. Explain the regulation of electrolyte intake List the routes by which electrolytes leave the body. Distinguish between and acid and a base. Explain how the respiratory center regulates acid=base balance Explain how the kidneys regulate acid=base balance. Distinguish between a chemical buffer system and a physiological buffer system.    Unit 6  The Human Life Cycle 19 Reproductive Systems CHAPTER OUTLINES Questions Name the parts of the male reproductive system and describe the general functions of each part. Outline the process of spermatogenesis. Explain how hormones control the activities of male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics Name the parts of the female reproductive system and describe the general functions of each part. Outline the process of oogenesis. Describe how hormones control the activities of female reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex characteristics List several methods of birth control and describe the relative effectiveness of each method. List general systoms of sexually transmitted diseases.           Chapter I: Introduction to Anatomy Lab 1 Complete the chart   (http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm)   System Major Roll Major Organs 1.     2.     3.     4.     5.     6.     7.     8.     9.     10.                                 Chapter 3: Cells Lab 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 5 Lab 2A. Draw & Label the parts of a cell Lab 2B. Complete chart on functions of cell parts Parts Function 1. Nucleus   2. Nucleolus   3. Cytoplasm   4. Centrosome   5. Golgi apparatus   8. Lysosome   7. Cell Membrane   8. Mitochondria   9. Vacuole   10. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum   11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum   12. Ribosomes   13. Cytoskeleton       Tour  http://www.cellsalive.com and click on the following and complete the chart:  Lab 3. What is Mitosis?    Lab 4. List the events of Mitosis   Lab 5. What is Meiosis       Chapter 5: Tissues Laboratory Exercises 6 & & 7 Identify tissues and examine the structural components of tissues. Complete Chart 6. Identify the 4 types of tissues:  http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/start_histology.html 7. Examination of tissue types    http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/ttypes.html Lab 6. Types of tissue Lab 7. Examination of tissue types                     Example (picture) 1     2     3     4